Mindfulness Meditation with High School Students who Receive Special Education Services: Research Recommendations from a Pilot Study

Authors

  • Ernest Solar, Ph.D. (Author) Mount St. Mary’s University image/svg+xml
    Ernest Solar, Ph.D. Ernest is an assistant professor of special education at Mount St. Mary's University in Emmitsburg, Maryland. His research focuses on the use of mindfulness in the classroom for students with disabilities, with veteran teachers to increase self-efficacy, and incorporation into a teacher preparation program.
https://doi.org/10.64546/jaasep.360
Research has shown evidence that mindfulness-based meditation practices are effective treatment interventions for mental, emotional, and medical disabilities in the adult population. There has been a limited number of research studies showing the effectiveness of meditation practices with high school students who receive special education services. This randomized waitlist control pilot study was designed to assess the effect of mindfulness meditation practice with 10 secondary students who receive special education services. The independent variable was a mindfulness meditation technique that was delivered as an afterschool program. Analysis of the dependent variable measurement of perceived stress demonstrated a medium effect size with Cohen’s d = -0.46 and a low effect size for anxiety with d = -0.22 between the pretest and posttest measurements. Lastly, the paper concludes with research recommendations when studying mindfulness meditation with high school students who receive special education services. These recommendations include implementing a contemplative program versus a contemplative technique with ample interaction time exceeding 700 minutes and a group discussion for the participants to process their experiences related to mindfulness.

Beauchemin, J., Hutchins, T. L., & Patterson, F. (2008). Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety, promote social skills, and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning disabilities. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 13, 34–45. doi:10.1177/1533210107311624 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1533210107311624

Biegel, G. M., Brown, K. W., Shapiro, S. L., & Schubert, C. M. (2009). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for the treatment of adolescent psychiatric outpatients: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 855–866. doi:10.1037/a0016241 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016241

Bögels, S., Hoogstad, B., van Dun, L., de Schutter, S., & Restifo, K. (2008). Mindfulness training for adolescents with externalizing disorders and their parents. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36, 193–209. doi:10.1017/S1352465808004190 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465808004190

Bradley, R., Doolittle, J., & Bartolotta, R. (2008). Building on the data and adding to the discussion: The experiences and outcomes of students with emotional disturbance. Journal of Behavioral Education, 17, 4–23. doi:10.1007/s10864-007-9058-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10864-007-9058-6

Brown, K. W., West, A. M., Loverich, T. M., & Biegel, G. M. (2011). Assessing adolescent mindfulness: Validation of an adapted mindful attention awareness scale in adolescent normative and psychiatric populations. Psychological Assessment, 23, 1023–1033. doi:10.1037/a0021338 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021338

Burke, C. (2010). Mindfulness-Based approaches with children and adolescents: A preliminary review of current research in an emergent field. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 19, 133–144. doi:10.1007/s10826-009-9282-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9282-x

Carmody, J., & Baer, R. A. (2008). Relationships between mindfulness practice and levels of mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms and well-being in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31, 23–33. doi:10.1007/s10865-007-9130-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-007-9130-7

Carmody, J., Baer, R. A., Lykins, E., & Olendzki, N. (2009). An empirical study of the mechanisms of mindfulness in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65, 613–626. doi:10.1002/jclp.20579 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20579

Ciarrochi, J., & Bilich, L. (2006, October 4). Acceptance and commitment therapy. Measures package. Process measures of potential relevance to ACT. University of Wollongong. Retrieved from http://www.uow.edu.au/content/groups/public/@web/@health/documents/doc/uow039223.pdf

Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York, NY: Academic Press.

Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 24, 385–396. Retrieved from http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1465%28198312%2924%3A4%3C385%3AAGMOPS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404

Creswell, J. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Cullen-Powell, L. Barlow, J., & Bagh, J. (2005). The self-discovery programme for children with special educational needs in mainstream primary and secondary schools, emotional and behavioural difficulties. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 10, 189-201. doi:10.1177/1363275205056706 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1363275205056706

Denzine, G. M. (2010). Review of the revised children's manifest anxiety scale: Second edition. In R.A. Spies, J.F. Carlson, & K.F. Geisinger (Eds.), The eighteenth mental measures yearkbook (pp. 478-482). Lincoln, NE: The Buros Institue of Mental Measurements.

Dimitrov, D. M. (2008). Quantitative research in education: Intermediate and advanced methods. New York, NY: Whittier Publications, Inc.

Elbaum, B., & Vaughn, S. (2003). Self-concept and students with learning disabilities. In H.L. Swanson, K.R. Harris, & S. Graham (Eds.), Handbook of learning disabilities (pp. 229-241). New York, NY: Guilford.

Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

Flook, L., Smalley, S. L., Kitil, M. J., Galla, B. M., Kaiser-Greenland, S., Locke, J., … Kasari, C. (2010). Effects of mindful awareness practices on executive functions in elementary school children. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 26, 70–95. doi:10.1080/1537790093379125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15377900903379125

Gersten, R., Fuchs, L. S., Compton, D., Coyne, M., Greenwood, C., & Innocenti, M., (2005). Quality indicators for group experimental and quasi-experimental research in special education. Exceptional Children, 71, 149-164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001440290507100202

Goodwin, C. J. (2009). Research in psychology: Methods and design (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing.

Greco, L. A., Baer, R. A., & Smith, G. T. (2011). Assessing mindfulness in children and adolescents: Development and validation of the child and adolescent mindfulness measure (CAMM). Psychological Assessment, 23, 606–614. doi:10.1037/a0022819 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022819

Greco, L. A., Dew, S. E., & Ball, S. (2005). Acceptance, mindfulness, and related processes in childhood: Measurement issues, clinical relevance, and future directions. Presented at the Association for Behavior and Cognitive Therapies, Washington, D.C.

Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, 35–43. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00573-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00573-7

Hallahan, D. P., & Kauffman, J. M. (2006). Exceptional learners: Introduction to special education. Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.

Hart, T. (2004). Opening the contemplative mind in the classroom. Journal of Transformative Education, 2, 28-46. doi:10.1177/1541344603259311 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1541344603259311

Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. Peaslake: Surrey. Delta Publishing.

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-Based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice, 10, 144–156. doi:10.1093/clipsy/bpg016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy/bpg016

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2005). Wherever you go there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York, NY: Hyperion.

Klingner, J. K. & Boardman, A. G. (2011). Addressing the ""research gap"" in special education through mixed methods. Learning Disability Quarterly, 34, 208-218. doi:10.1177/073194871|4417559 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0731948711417559

Koth, C. W., Bradshaw, C. P., & Leaf, P. J. (2009). Teacher observation of classroom adaptation-checklist: Development and factor structure. Measurement & Evaluation in Counseling & Development, 42, 15–30. doi:10.1177/0748175609333560 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175609333560

Lau, N. & Hue, M. (2011). Preliminary outcomes of a mindfulness-based programme for Hong Kong adolescents in schools: well-being, stress and depressive symptoms. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 16, 315–330. doi:10.1080/1364436X.2011.639747 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436X.2011.639747

Lee, J., Semple, R. J., Rosa, D., & Miller, L. (2008). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for children: Results of a pilot study. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 22, 15–28. doi:10.1891/0889.8391.22.1.15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1891/0889.8391.22.1.15

Liehr, P. & Diaz, N. (2010). A pilot study examining the effect of mindfulness on depression and anxiety for minority children. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 24, 69-71. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2009.10.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2009.10.001

McKay, D. (Ed.). (2007). Handbook of research methods in abnormal and clinical psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Meiklejohn, J., Phillips, C., Freedman, M. L., Griffin, M. L., Biegel, G., Roach, A., … Saltzman, A. (2012). Integrating mindfulness training into K-12 education: Fostering the resilience of teachers and students. Mindfulness, 3, 291-307. doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0094-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0094-5

Napoli, M., Krech, P. R., & Holley, L. C. (2005). Mindfulness training for elementary school students: The attention academy. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 21, 99–125.doi:10.1300/J008v21n01_05 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J370v21n01_05

Powell, L., Gilchrist, M., & Stapley, J. (2008). A journey of self-discovery: An intervention involving massage, yoga and relaxation for children with emotional and behavioural difficulties attending primary schools. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 23, 403–412. doi:10.1080/08856250802387398 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08856250802387398

Reibel, D. K., Greeson, J. M., Brainard, G. C., & Rosenzweig, S. (2001). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health-related quality of life in a heterogeneous patient population. General Hospital Psychiatry, 23, 183–192. doi:10.1016/S0163-8343(01)00149-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-8343(01)00149-9

Reynolds, C. R. (1985). Multitrait validation of the revised children’s manifest anxiety scale for children of high intelligence. Psychological Reports, 56, 402–402. doi:10.2466/pr0.1985.56.2.402 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.56.2.402

Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1978). What I think and feel: A revised measure of children’s manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271–280. doi:10.1007/BF00919131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00919131

Saltzman, A., & Goldin, P. (2008). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for school-age children. In L. Greco & S. Hayes (Eds.), Acceptance and mindfulness treatments for children and adolescents: A practitioner's guide (140-161). Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.

Salzberg, S., & Goldstein, J. (2001). Insight meditation. Louisville, CO: Sounds True.

Schoeberlein, D., Koffler, T., & Jha, A. (2005). Garrison institute report: Contemplation and education: Current status of programs using contemplative techniques in K-12 educational settings: A mapping report (p. 66). Garrision Institute. Retrieved from http://www.garrisoninstitute.org/component/docman/doc_view/56-contemplative-techniques-in-k-12-education-a-mapping-report?Itemid=66

Semple, R. J., Reid, E. F. G., & Miller, L. (2005). Treating anxiety with mindfulness: An open trial of mindfulness training for anxious children. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 19, 379–392. Retrieved from http://www.springerpub.com DOI: https://doi.org/10.1891/088983905780907702

Semple, R., Lee, J., Rosa, D., & Miller, L. (2010). A randomized trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for children: Promoting mindful attention to enhance social-emotional resiliency in children. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 19, 218–229. doi:10.1007/s10826-009-9301-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9301-y

Smalley, S. L., Loo, S. K., Hale, T. S., Shrestha, A., McGough, J., Flook, L., & Reise, S. (2009). Mindfulness and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65, 1087–1098. doi:10.1002/jclp.20618 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20618

Thompson, M., & Gauntlett-Gilbert, J. (2008). Mindfulness with children and adolescents: Effective clinical application. Clinical Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 13, 396–408. doi:10.1177/1359104508090603 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104508090603

van de Weijer-Bergsma, E., Formsma, A., de Bruin, E., & Bogels, S. (2012). The effects of mindfulness training on behavioral problems and attentional functioning in adolescents with ADHD. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21, 775-787. doi:10.1007/s10826-011-9531-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-011-9531-7

van der Oord, S., Bogels, S. M., & Peijnenburg, D. (2012). The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21, 139–147. doi:10.1007/s10826-011-9457-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-011-9457-0

There are 48 references in total.
Solar, E. (2018). Mindfulness Meditation with High School Students who Receive Special Education Services: Research Recommendations from a Pilot Study. Journal of the American Academy of Special Education Professionals, 13(1), 146-161. https://doi.org/10.64546/jaasep.360

Downloads

Article Information

  • Article Type Articles
  • Submitted December 9, 2017
  • Published February 15, 2018
  • Issue Winter 2018
  • Section Articles
  • File Downloads 0
  • Abstract Views 1
  • Altmetrics
  • Share
Download data is not yet available.