Use of Projective Techniques in Emotional Disturbance Evaluations

Authors

  • Ryan A. Allen, Ph.D. (Author) John Carroll University image/svg+xml
  • Timothy Hanchon, Ph.D. (Author) The Citadel image/svg+xml
  • Bradley Bornancin, Ed.S. (Author) John Carroll University
https://doi.org/10.64546/jaasep.391
Determining eligibility for the special education category Emotional Disturbance (ED) is a challenging task. The difficulty in identifying students with ED is due, in part, to problematic federal criteria (Olympia et al., 2004; Skiba, Grizzle, & Minke, 1994). Unchanges since 1975, these criteria have created an environment in which inconsistent assessment practices and diagnostic decisions are inevitable. The current study examines school psychologists’ ED assessment practices, and in particular, the use of projective assessment techniques in eligibility determinations. The results suggest that school psychologists regularly use these controversial diagnostic techniques despite questions regarding their psychometric soundness (i.e., reliability and validity) and utility. Among the projective measures reported, those with the most limited empirical support (e.g., H-T-P, KFDS) were most widely used.

Allen, R.A., & Hanchon, T.A. (2013). What Can We Learn from School-Based Emotional Disturbance Assessment Practices? Implications for Practice and Preparation in School Psychology. Psychology in the Schools, 50(3), 290-299. doi:10.1002/pits.21671 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21671

Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law, Washington D. C. (2003). Failing to Qualify: The First Step to Failure in School? Issue Brief.

Bower, Eli M. (1982). Defining Emotional Disturbance: Public Policy and Research. Psychology in the Schools, 19(1), 55-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6807(19820108)19:1<55::AID-PITS2310190112>3.0.CO;2-2

Buck, J. N. (1964). The House-Tree-Person (H-T-P) Manual Supplement: Administration and Interpretation of the H-T-P Test: Western Psychological Services.

Forness, Steven R., & Kavale, Kenneth A. (2000). Emotional or behavioral disorders: Background and current status of the E/BD terminology and definition. Behavioral Disorders, 25(3), 264-269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/019874290002500304

Garb, Howard N., Wood, James M., Lilienfeld, Scott O., & Nezworski, M. Teresa. (2002). Effective use of projective techniques in clinical practice: Let the data help with selection and interpretation. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33(5), 454-463. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.33.5.454 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0735-7028.33.5.454

Hanchon, Timothy A., & Allen, Ryan A. (2013). Identifying Students with Emotional Disturbance: School Psychologists’ Practices and Perceptions. Psychology in the Schools, 50(2), 193-208. doi:10.1002/pits.21668 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21668

Hojnoski, Robin L., Morrison, Rhonda, Brown, Melissa, & Matthews, William J. (2006). Projective Test Use Among School Psychologists: A Survey and Critique. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 24(2), 145-159. doi:10.1177/0734282906287828 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282906287828

Knoff, N., & Prout, H. T. (1985). Kinetic Drawing System for Family and School: A Handbook: Western Psychological Services.

Kroon, N., Goudena, P. P., & Rispens, J. (1998). Thematic apperception tests for a child and adolescent assessment: A practitioner's consumer guide. Journal Of Psychoeducational Assessment, 16(2), 99-117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/073428299801600201

Lilienfeld, Scott O., Ammirati, Rachel, & David, Michal. (2012). Distinguishing science from pseudoscience in school psychology: Science and scientific thinking as safeguards against human error. Journal of School Psychology, 50(1), 7-36. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2011.09.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2011.09.006

Losen, D, & Orfield, G (Eds.). (2002). Racial inequity in special education. Boston, MA: Harvard Education Press.

Merrell, Kenneth W. (1999). Behavioral, social, and emotional assessment of children and adolescents. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Merrell, Kenneth W. (2008). Behavioral, social, and emotional assessment of children and adolescents (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Merrell, Kenneth W., & Walker, Hill M. (2004). Deconstructing a definition: Social maladjustment versus emotional disturbance and moving the EBD field forward. Psychology in the Schools, 41(8), 899-910. doi:10.1002/pits.20046 Miller, David N., & Nickerson, Amanda B. (2006). Projective assessment and school psychology: Contemporary validity issues and implications for practice. California School Psychologist, 11, 73-84. doi: 10.1007/BF03341117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20046

Ochoa, Salvador Hector, Riccio, Cynthia, Jimenez, Sandra, de Alba, Roman Garcia, & Sines, Marylyn. (2004). Psychological Assessment of English Language Learners and/or Bilingual Students: An Investigation of School Pshychologists' Current Practices. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 22(3), 185-208. doi:10.1177/073428290402200301 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/073428290402200301

Ogdon, D. P. (1977). Psychodiagnostics and Personality Assessment: A Handbook/2nd Edition: Western Psychological Services.

Olympia, Daniel, Farley, Megan, Christiansen, Elizabeth, Pettersson, Hollie, Jenson, William, & Clark, Elaine. (2004). Social maladjustment and students with behavioral and emotional disorders: Revisiting basic assumptions and assessment issues. Psychology in the Schools, 41(8), 835-847. doi:10.1002/pits.20040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20040

Peterson, Christina HammeLomas Gabriel I. Neukrug Edward S. Bonner Matthew W. (2014).

Assessment Use by Counselors in the United States: Implications for Policy and Practice. Journal of Counseling & Development, 92(1), 90-98. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00134.x Skiba, Russell, Grizzle, Kenneth, & Minke, Kathleen M. (1994). Opening the Floodgates? The Social Maladjustment Exclusion and State SED Prevalence Rates. Journal of School Psychology, 32(3), 267-282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4405(94)90018-3

Wagner, Mary, Kutash, Krista, Duchnowski, Albert J., Epstein, Michael H., & Sumi, W.

Carl. (2005). The Children and Youth We Serve: A National Picture of the Characteristics of Students With Emotional Disturbances Receiving Special Education. Journal of Emotional & Behavioral Disorders, 13(2), 79-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10634266050130020201

Wenck, H. L. (1970). House-Tree-Person Drawings: An Illustrated Diagnostic Handbook: Western Psychological Services.

Wilson, Marilyn S., & Reschly, Daniel J. (1996). Assessment in school psychology training and practice. School Psychology Review, 25(1), 9-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.1996.12085799

There are 24 references in total.
Allen, R. A., Hanchon, T., & Bornancin, B. (2019). Use of Projective Techniques in Emotional Disturbance Evaluations. Journal of the American Academy of Special Education Professionals, 14(2), 6-14. https://doi.org/10.64546/jaasep.391

Downloads

Article Information

  • Article Type Articles
  • Submitted April 23, 2019
  • Published June 15, 2019
  • Issue Spring/Summer 2019
  • Section Articles
  • File Downloads 0
  • Abstract Views 0
  • Altmetrics
  • Share
Download data is not yet available.