Influence of Resource Availability on Disability-inclusion in Under-resourced Early Childhood Development Centers

Authors

  • Esther Musengi, D.Ed (Author) Zimbabwe Open University image/svg+xml
    Dr. Esther Musengi is Matabeleland South Regional Program Coordinator for Disability and Special Needs Education programs at the Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU). She received her BSc and MSc degrees in Special Needs Education from ZOU and M. Ed degree in Special Education from Great Zimbabwe University. She also attained D. Ed in Inclusive Education from the University of South Africa. A teacher of learners with special educational needs since 1992, her research interests are in Inclusive Education, Disability Studies in Education, Deaf Education and rights of Sign Language users.
https://doi.org/10.64546/jaasep.552
This study analyzed the influence of resource availability on inclusion of children with various disabilities in rural early childhood development centers in Zimbabwe. A qualitative descriptive design utilizing questionnaires and interviews was used to collect data from 36 teachers, 12 school-heads and 24 parents of children with disabilities who were purposefully sampled. Deductive thematic analysis was used to identify themes emerging from open-ended questionnaire items and interviews. The study revealed that disability-friendly commercial resources were unavailable, and this negatively influenced the inclusion of children with disabilities who were unable to freely participate in play activities and so were isolated to a large extent. This is despite widely available indigenous resources that were not utilized as inclusive supports. The study’s findings are utilized to build a case for a heritage-based model of inclusive education.

Adeniyi, S. O., Owolabi, J. O. & Olojede, K. (2015). Determinants of successful Education practice in Lagos State Nigeria. World Journal of Education, 5, (2), 26-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/wje.v5n2p26

Adewumi, T. M. (2019). Experiences of teachers in implementing inclusion of learners with special educational needs in selected Fort Beaumont Primary schools, Cogent Education, 6(1) 34-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2019.1703446

Anderson, A. (2019). Inclusive classrooms: Looking at Special Education Today. London: Sage.

Anderson, J. & Boyle, C. (2017). Inclusive Education in Australia: Rhetoric, reality, and the road ahead. Support for learning, 30 (1) 4-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9604.12074

Brann-Barrett, M. T. (2015). What do you mean? An educational researcher’s reflections regarding ‘rural’ when rural is home. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 19 (7), 759 – 769. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2014.964567

Brooke, M. (2013). Which Research Paradigm for TESOL? London: Academy Publisher. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.3.3.430-436

Chakrabort-Ghosh, S. (2017). Inclusive Education in India: A Developmental milestone from segregation to inclusion. Journal of Educational Systems. 1(1), 53-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22259/2637-5877.0101006

Chavuta, A., Itimu-Phiri, A. N., Chiwaya, S., Sikero, N. & Alindiamao, G. (2008). Shire Highlands Education division-Malawi baseline study report. Leonard Cheshire.

Cheuk, J. & Hatch, J.S. (2007). Teachers’ Perceptions of Integrated Kindergarten Programs in Hong Kong. Early Child Development and Care, 177(4): 417-432 DOI :10.1080/03004430600563430 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430600563430

Chimedza, R. (2008). Disability and Inclusive Education in Zimbabwe. In L. Barton & F. Armstrong (Eds), Police Experience and change: Cross cultural reflections on Inclusive Education. London: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5119-7_9

Chimhenga, S. (2016). Resource material barriers: The challenge of implementing inclusive education in primary schools of Zimbabwe. Global Journal of Advanced Research, 3(6), 526-532.

Chireshe, R. (2013). The State of Inclusive Education in Zimbabwe: Bachelor of Education (Special Needs Education) Student’s perceptions. Journal of Social Sciences, 34(3), 223-228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2013.11893133

Cloke, P. (2006). Conceptualizing Rurality. In P. Cloke, T. Madsen & P. Mooney (Eds). Handbook of Rural Studies, 18 – 28. New York: Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781848608016.n2

Corbett, M. & White, S. (2014). Introduction to Doing Educational Research in Rural Settings: Methodological Issues, International Perspectives and Practical Solutions. London: Routledge.

Creswell, J.W. (2007). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative research. New York: Merrill Prentice Hall.

Creswell, J. W. & Plano Clark, V. (2013). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. New York: SAGE.

Daane, C.J., Beirne-Smith, M & Lathan, D. (2000). Administrators’ and Teachers’ perceptions of the collaborative efforts of inclusion in the elementary grades. Education, 121(2): 331-N338.

Dart, G. (2007). Inclusive Education in Botswana. In P. Engelbrecht & L. Green (Eds). Responding to challenges of Inclusive Education in Southern Africa. Cape Town: Van Schaik.

Deng, M. & Poon-McBrayer, K. F. (2004). Inclusive Education in China: Conceptualisation and Realisation. International Journal of Special Education, 30(3) 151-160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2004.10600206

Department of Education, (2011). Education white Paper 6-Special Education: Building on Inclusive Education and Training. POE.

Eloff, I. & Kqwete, L. K. (2007). South African Teachers’ Voices on Support in Inclusive Education.http//www.thefreelibrary.com/South+African+teachers+voices+on+suppor t+in+inclusive+education-a0168163366 Accessed17 May2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00094056.2007.10522949

Forlin, C. L. (2010). Inclusive Education Practices: A way forward for Hong Kong. Chinese Education and Society 40(4), 63-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2753/CED1061-1932400405

Griffiths, M. (2020). These Days are Ours: Young Disabled people’s Experiences of Activism and participation in social movements. In M. Berghs, T. Chataika, Y.El-Lahib & K. Dube (Eds). The Routledge Handbook of Disability Activism. London: Routledge.

Grimes, P. (2010). The Lao PDR Inclusive Education Project 1993-2009: Reflections on the impact of a national project aiming to support the inclusion of disabled students. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 15(10), 1135-1152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2011.555067

Gronlund, A., Lim, N. & Larsson, H. (2010). Effective use of assistive Technologies for inclusive Education in Developing countries: Issues and challenges from two case studies. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT), 6 (4), 5-26.

Halfacree, K. (2006). Landscapes of rurality: rural others/other rurals. In I. Robertson & P. Richarchs (Eds). Studying Cultural Landscapes, 141 – 164. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hayes, A. M. & Bulat, J. (2017). Disabilities Inclusive Education Systems and Policies Guide for Low and Middle-Income Countries. London: RTI Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2017.op.0043.1707

Johnstone, C. J. (2007). Inclusive Education in Lesotho. In P. Engelbrecht & L. Green (Eds). Responding to the Challenges of Inclusive Education in Southern Africa, 82 – 105. Cape Town: Van Schaik.

Leddy, G.J. (2015). Inclusive Education in Sweden: Provisions for children who have special Educational needs with a specific focus on Down’s syndrome. Unpublished Research project. Department of Education, Linnaeus University.

Limaye, S. (2016). Factors influencing the accessibility of education for children with disabilities in India. Global Education Review 3(3), 43-56.

Majoko, T. (2016). Inclusion in Early Childhood Education: Pre-service Teachers’ Voices, Early Child Development and Care, 186: 11, 1859-1872, DOI 10.1080/03004430.2015.1137000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2015.1137000

Mathiyazhagan, T. & Nandan, D. (2010). Survey Research Method. Media, (2), 12-44.

Mbibeh, L. (2013). Implementing Inclusive Education in Cameroon: Evidence from the Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Board. International Journal of Education 5(1), 52-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/ije.v5i1.3279

McMillan, J.H. and Schumacher, S. (2010). Research in Education. Evidence-Based Inquiry. New York, NY: Pearson.

Miles, M.B. & Huberman, A.M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis. London. SAGE Publishers.

Mkabela, Q. (2005). Using the Afrocentric method in researching indigenous African culture.Qualitative Report, 10(1), 178–189.

Moberg, S. (2000). Education for all in the North and the South: Teachers ’Attitudes towards Inclusive Education in Finland and Zambia, Education and training in Developmental Disabilities, 38(4), 417-428.

Mokaleng, M. (2019). Factors Affecting the Implementation of Inclusive Education Practices in Selected secondary schools of the Omahake Region. Namibia, M. Ed Dissertation, University of Namibia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/jct.v9n2p78

Morse, J. M. (1991). Strategies for sampling. In J. M. Morse (Ed). Qualitative Nursing Research: A Contemporary Dialogue (127 – 146). New York: Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483349015.n16

Mpofu, E., Zindi, F., Oakland, T. Peresuh, M. (1997). School psychology practices in East and Southern Africa: Special Educators’ perspectives. Journal of Special Education, 31:387-402. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002246699703100307

Mpofu, E., Kasayira, J.M., Mhaka, M.M., Chireshe, R. & Maunganidze, L. (2007). Inclusive Education in Zimbabwe. In P. Engelbrecht and L.Green (eds). Responding to challenges of Inclusive Education in Southern Africa. Pretoria: Van Schaik.

Musengi, M. (2019). The place of Sign language in the Inclusive education of deaf learners in Zimbabwe amid CRPD (mis)interpretation. African Disability Rights Yearbook, 96-111.

Musengi, M. & Musengi, E. (2021). Working on the margins in Zimbabwe? The challenges and opportunities of inclusive rural education. In A. Masinire & A. P. Ndofirepi (Eds). Rurality, Social Justice and Education in Sub Saharan Africa: Theory and Practice in Schools. New York: Palgrave. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57277-8_6

Musengi, M. & Chireshe, R. (2012). Inclusion of deaf students in mainstream rural primary schools in Zimbabwe: Challenges and opportunities. Stud Tribes Tribals, 10(2). 107-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2012.11886648

Mushoriwa, T. (2002). A Study of the attitudes of primary school teachers in Harare towards the inclusion of blind children in regular classes. British Journal of Special Education, 28(3): 142-147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8527.00214

Ntsanwisi, LNK. (2008). Identification of barriers to learning by grade three teachers in the Ritavi District. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Limpopo.

Okongo, R.B., Ngao, G., Rop, N. K. & Nyongesa, W. J. (2016). Effect of availability of teaching learning resources on the implementation of inclusive education in preschool centres in Nyamira North Sub-County, Nyamira County, Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(35), 17-35.

Okoro C. A., Hollies, N.D., Cyrus, A.c. & Griffin-Blake, S. (2018). Prevalence of disability and Healthcare Access by Disability status and type in the US. MMWR Morbidity and mortality Weekly Report, 67:882-887. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6732a3

Oliva, D.V. (2016). Barriers and resources to learning and participation of inclusive students. Psicologia USP, 27 (3), 492-502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-656420140099

Omond, S.O. (2016). Determinants of implementation of inclusive learning in public primary schools in Boro division, Siaya sub-County, Kenya. M. Ed Dissertation. University of Nairobi, Kenya.

Owusu-Ansah, F. E., & Mji, G. (2013). African indigenous knowledge and research. African Journal of Disability, 2(1), 30–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/ajod.v2i1.30

Owuour, L.O. (2014). Determinants of inclusion of learners with special needs in public primary schoolsin Kisumu Municipality, Kisumu County. M. Ed Dissertation. University of Nairobi, Kenya.

Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S., Green, C. A. & Wisdom, J. P. (2015). Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health Services Research, 42, 533 – 544. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y

Peter, M.N. & Nderitu, M.N. (2014). Perceptions of teachers and headteachers on the effectiveness of Inclusive Education in public primary schools in Yatta division, Machakos County, Journal of Educational and Social Research, 4(1), 91-107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n1p91

Pini, B., Carrington, S. & Adie, L. (2014). Schooling elsewhere: rurality, inclusion and education. International Journal of Inclusive Education. doi:10.1080/13603116.2014.964489 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2014.964489

Purdue, K. (2009). Barriers to and facilitators of inclusion for children with disabilities in early childhood Education. In Contemporary Issues in early childhood 10, 2, http//dx.doi.org. /10.2304/c-iec.2009.10.2.133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2009.10.2.133

Rydstrom, H. (2010). Having Learning difficulties: The inclusive Education of disabled girls and boys in Vietnam. Improving schools, 13, (1), 81-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1365480209352549

Sadek, F. M. & Sadek, R. C. (2000). Attitudes towards inclusive education in Egypt and implications for teachers’ preparation and training. Paper presented at International Special education Congress 2000, Manchester, UK.

Sandelowski M. (2010) What’s in a name? Qualitative description revisited. Research in Nursing & Health 33: 77–84. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20362

Schiemer, M. & Proyer, M. (2013). Teaching children with disabilities: ICTs in Bangkok and Addis Ababa. Multicultural Education and Technology Journal 7(2/3), 99-112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17504971311328026

Schoonenboom, J. & Johnson, B. R. (2017). How to Construct a Mixed Methods Research Design. , KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 69(7), 117 – 138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-017-0454-1

Serpell, R. (1999). Social Responsibility as a dimension of Intelligence and as an Educational goal: Insights from pragmatic Research in an African Society Child Development Perspective, 5 (2) 126-133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00167.x

Shumba, A. & Taukobong, E. (2009). An Evaluation of policies programs related to children with disabilities in Botswana. African Education Review, 6 (1), 123-139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/18146620902857558

Singh, J.D. (2016). Inclusive Education in India-concept need and challenges. Scholarly Research Journal for Humanities, sciences and English Language 3 (13) 3222-3232.

Sukhraj, P. (2008). The Implementation and Challenges to inclusive Education policy and practice in South Africa. Retrieved July 20, 2016 from http://icevi.org/publications/iceviwc2006/09inclusiveeducationalpractices/Papers/afr006praveena%20sukhraji.pdf

Stewart, M. (2020). The Impact of Neoliberal politics on the welfare and survival chronically ill and disabled people. In M. Berghs, T. Chataika, Y. El-Lahib & K. Dube (Eds). The Routledge Handbook of disability activism. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351165082-3

Stofile, S.Y. & Green, L. (2007). Inclusive Education in South Africa.In P. Engelbrecht and L. Green (Eds). Responding to the challenges of Inclusive Education in Southern Africa 52-65. Cape Town: Van Schaik.

Tatter, G. (2019). Low Students and a Special Education mismatch. ASCDE Express: Ideas from the Field 14(25), 45 – 54.

Tiripath, P.V. (2018). Educating Visually Impaired Learners in India. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research 5(3). 1313-1316.

Tshifura, A.R. (2012). Managing Inclusive education in Primary schools of the Tshinane Circuit in Limpopo Province. M Ed. Dissertation. University of South Africa, Pretoria.

UNDP (2021). The human development index of Zimbabwe. UNDP.

Walton, E. (2018). Decolonizing (through) inclusive education? Educational Research for social change, 7(3), 1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17159/2221-4070/2018/v7i0a3

Welman, C., Kruger, F. & Mitchell, B. (2005). Research Methodology. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.

Westwood, P.& Graham, L. (2003). Inclusion of students with special needs: Benefits and obstacles as perceived by teachers in New South Wales and South Australia. Australian Journal of Learning Disabilities 8, 3-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19404150309546718 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19404150309546718

Wiart, L., Kehler, H., Rempel, G. & Tough, S. (2013). Current state of Inclusion of children with special needs in childcare programs in one Canadian province. International, Journal of Inclusive Education, 18:4, 345-358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2013.767386

William, R., Henninger, I. V. & Sarika, S. (2014). First steps to preschool inclusion: how to jumpstart your program-wide plan. New York: Paul H. Brookes Publishing.

WFP (2023). World Food Program Annual Country Reports – Zimbabwe 2022. WFP. https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000148361/download/

Zhang, K.C. (2011). An Examination of Inclusive Practices in Early Childhood Educational Settings, Hong Kong; International Journal of Inclusive Education 15-683-697. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603110903317676

Zimba, R.F., Mowes, A.D. & Naanda, A.N. (2007). Inclusive Education in Namibia. In P. Engelbrecht & L. Green (Eds). Responding to the challenges of Inclusive Education in Southern Africa, 39-5. Cape Town: Van Schaik.

There are 79 references in total.
Musengi, E. (2024). Influence of Resource Availability on Disability-inclusion in Under-resourced Early Childhood Development Centers. Journal of the American Academy of Special Education Professionals, 19(2), 86-103. https://doi.org/10.64546/jaasep.552

Downloads

Article Information

  • Article Type Articles
  • Submitted April 7, 2024
  • Published June 15, 2024
  • Issue Spring/Summer 2024
  • Section Articles
  • File Downloads 0
  • Abstract Views 0
  • Altmetrics
  • Share
Download data is not yet available.