Online ISSN: 2325-7466
2006
Triannual
National Association of Special Education Teachers (NASET)
United States

Articles

Preparing Students with Moderate/Severe Disabilities for Employment

DOI
https://doi.org/10.64546/jaasep.76
Abstract
Under United States federal law, students who are in special education are guaranteed the right to attend school, but their education will vary depending upon their disability and their independent goals that are developed in a contract between the school and the parents called an Individual Educational Plan or IEP. Students with moderate/severe disabilities are guaranteed within their IEP a section that is devoted to helping them to transition from entitlement to eligibility services. This section is called the Individual Transition Plan or ITP. Ideally, these students are working on life, social, and work skills that will help them to take care of themselves as independently as possible. However, for most people who are unfamiliar with this population there are questions: (1) Why are we preparing students with moderate/severe disabilities for employment? (2) What is the curricular sequence of preparation for employment? (3) What are the common roadblocks? (4) Are there any possible solutions? and (5) What are the ideal solutions? This paper looks to answer these questions by looking at available research articles that have dealt with these issues in the past, as well as the author’s own past experiences working with the moderate/severely disabled in a Special Education Class for the past four years.
Keywords
Barriers, Special Education, Individualized Education Programs, Public Schools, Access to Education, Disabilities
References

Alat, K. (2002). Traumatic events and children: how childhood educators can help. Childhood Education, 11. Retrieved November 2, 2003, from InfoTrac Web database. Anthony, E. and Cohler, B. (eds). The invulnerable child. New York: Guilford Press, 1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00094056.2002.10522756

Astor, R. (1998). Moral reasoning about school violence: informational assumptions about harm within school subcontexts. Educational Psychologist, 33 (4), 207-221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep3304_5

Battin-Pearson, S.R., Thornberry, T.P., Hawkins, J.D., & Krohn, M.D. (1998). Gang membership, delinquent peers, and delinquent behavior. Juvenile Justice Bulletin, October. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e304542003-001

Bilchik, S. (1999). Report to congress on juvenile violence research. Washington, D.C.: OJJ and Delinquency Prevention.

Black, M. & Krishnakumar, A. (1998). Children in low income, urban settings. American Psychologist, 53 (6), 635-646. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.53.6.635

Brendtro, L. and Shahbazian, M. (2003). Becoming strong at the broken places. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 12. Retrieved November 2, 2003 from InfoTrac database.

Carrion, V. & Steiner, H. (2000). Trauma and dissociation in delinquent adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. vol 39(3), 353-359. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200003000-00018

Carver, C. (1998). Resilience and thriving: Issues, models, and linkages. Journal of Social Issues, 54. Retrieved November 2, 2003 from InfoTrac database. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.641998064

Conner, M.G. (2002). Coping and surviving violent and traumatic events. Retreived August 1, 2002, from http://www.crisiscounseling.org/Traumaloss/CopingWith.

Crimmins, Susan M.; Cleary, Sean D.; Brownstein, Henry H.; Spunt, Barry J.; Warley, Raquel Maria. (2000). Trauma, drugs, and violence among juvenile offenders.Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. vol. 32(1), 43-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2000.10400211

Esbensen, F. (2000). Preventing adolescent gang involvement. Juvenile Justice Bulletin, September. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e526692006-001

Esbensen, F., Huizinga, D., & Weiher, A.W. (1993). Gang and non-gang youth: differences in explanatory factors. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 9(2): 94-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104398629300900203

Fest, Jerry T. (1998). Street culture: an epistemology of street-dependent youth. Portland, Oregon.

Flannery, R. (1998). Post-traumatic stress disorder: The victim’s guide to healing and recovery. New York: Crossroad Publishing Company.

Garbarino, J. (1997). Educating children in a socially toxic Environment. Educational Leadership. vol. 54. (Spring-Summer 2009)

Freud, S. (1920). Beyond the pleasure principle. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (vol.18). London: Hogarth.

Freud, S. (1939). Moses and monotheism. In J. Stachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (vol.23). London: Hogarth.

Hawkins, D.J, Herrenkohl, T.I., Farrington, D.P., Brewer, D., Catalano, R.F., Harachi, T.W., & Cothern, L. (2000). Predictors of youth violence. Juvenile Justice Bulletin, April. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e524202006-001

Horowitz, M., & Solomon, G.F. (1978). Delayed stress response syndrome in Vietnam veterans. Journal of Social Issues, 31, 67-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1975.tb01012.x

Johnson, K. (1998). Trauma in the lives of children. Hunter House Inc. Alameda, Ca.

Loeber, R. & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1998). Development of Juvenile Aggression and Violence. American Psychologist, 53 (2), 242-259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.53.2.242

Maldonado-Dura’n, M., Millhuff, C.(2002). Child abuse and neglect: osttraumatic stress disorder. EMedicine Journal, 3 (7). Retrieved August 1, 2002, from http://emedicine.com/Peb/topic2650.htm

Mussen, P., & Kessen, W. (Eds.). (1983). Handbook of child psychology. 4th ed. history, theory, and methods (Vol. I). New York: John Wiley & Sons.National Institute of Mental Health. Facts about post-traumatic stress disorder. Retrieved August 1, 2002, from http://nimh.nih.gov/anxiety/ptsdfacts.cfm.

OJJ and Delinquency Prevention. Publications. Retrieved December 19, 2001, from http://OJJdp.ncjrs.org/pubs/pubs.html

Reynolds, C. R. & Kamphaus, R. W. (1998). Behavior Assessment System for Children. Circle Pines, MN. American Guidance Service, Inc.

Rotter, J. B. (1982). The development and applications of social learning theory: selected papers. New York: Praeger.

Ruchkin, V., Schwab-Stone, M., Koposov, R., Vermiren, R. & Steiner, H. (2002). Violence exposure, posttraumatic stress, and personality in juvenile delinquents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41. Retrieved November 2, 2003 from InfoTrac database. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200203000-00012

Smith, C. & Thornberry, T.P. (1995). The relationship between childhood maltreatment and adolescent involvement in delinquency. Criminology, vol 33 (4), 451-479. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1995.tb01186.x

Sullivan, R.; Wilson, M. F. (1995). New directions for research in prevention and treatment of delinquency: a review and proposal. Adolescence. vol 30, 1-17.

Thornberry, T.P. & Burch II, J.H. (1997). Gang members and delinquent behavior. Juvenile Justice Bulletin, June. (Spring-Summer 2009) 16 The Relationship Between Childhood Traumatic Experiences and Gang-Involved Delinquent Behavior in Adolescent Boys | AASEP DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e302102003-001

Thornberry, T.P. & Krohn, M.D. (2000). The self-report method for measuring delinquency and crime. Measurement and Analysis of Crime and Justice, 4, 33-83.

Trimble, M. R. (1981). Post-traumatic neurosis. Chichester, U.K: John Wiley. Van der Kolk, B.A. Psychological Trauma. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1987.

Van der Kolk, B. (1996). The body deeps score: Approaches to the psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. In b. Van der Kolk, A. McFarlane, & L. Weisaeth (Eds.), Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. New York: The Guilford Press.

Widom, C. (1989). The cycle of violence. Science, 244, 160-166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2704995

Wilson, J. P.; Kean, T. M. (1997). Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD. The Guilford Press. New York, NY.

Wolin, S. (2003). What is a strength? (analysis of psychological strengths). Reclaiming Children and Youth, 12. Retrieved November 2, 2003 from InfoTrac database.

There are 36 references in total.
How to Cite
Dragula, P. (2009). Preparing Students with Moderate/Severe Disabilities for Employment. Journal of the American Academy of Special Education Professionals, 4(3), 58-62. https://doi.org/10.64546/jaasep.76

Spring 2009

Article Information

  • Article Type Articles
  • Submitted May 17, 2009
  • Published June 15, 2009
  • Issue Spring 2009
  • Section Articles
  • File Downloads 0
  • Abstract Views 1
  • Altmetrics
  • Share
Download data is not yet available.